This study examines the presence and roles of female directors of U.S. Fortune 500 firms, focusing on committee assignments
and director background. Prior work from almost two decades ago concludes that there is a systematic bias against females
in assignment to top board committees. Examining a recent data set with a logistic regression model that controls for director
and firm characteristics, director resource-dependence roles and interaction between director gender and director characteristics,
we find that female directors are less likely than male directors to sit on executive committees and more likely than male
directors to sit on public affairs committees. There is little if any evidence of systematic gender bias in director assignment
to other board committees. We find some evidence that boards evaluate resource dependence differently for women than men.
Craig A. Peterson Western Michigan University, Grand Rapios, MI 49503, USA
Craig A. Peterson is associate professor of finance at Western Michigan University, Grand Rapids Regional Center. In addition
to corporate governance, his research interests include investment management and corporate finance.
James Philpot is assistant professor of finance and general business at Missouri State University. His research interests
include corporate governance, financial planning and financial education. 相似文献
The euro illusion is a transient phenomenon that consists of currency-related asymmetries in the intuitive judgment of product
prices made by consumers. The results of a cross-country study in the third year after the introduction of the euro show a
strong price estimation asymmetry in a country with an extreme exchange rate (Italy) and a weaker effect in a country in which
the nominal values of the new and the old currency are much closer (Ireland). These results rule out proposed explanations
of the euro illusion in price estimation that assume the sole influence of plausible anchors (reference prices stored in memory
within the plausible price range), supporting instead accounts also endorsing the role of implausible anchors (reference prices
outside the plausible price range). Beyond contributing to our theoretical understanding of the euro illusion, this research
starts to unveil the interplay between structural factors (i.e., the currency exchange rate) and psychological mechanisms
that produce long-lasting difficulties for consumers after a monetary changeover.
This study uses data from the automotive replacement tire industry to test the proposition that dependence and relationship structure interact to determine frequency of influence-strategy use in distribution systems. The findings support the expectation that dependence is positively associated with recommendations, information exchanges, promises, requests, legal pleas, and threats. However, increases in dealer dependence increase the use of requests, legal pleas, and threats only in systems characterized by trivial levels of relationalism.The authors would like to express their gratitude to John Burnett, Robert Dwyer, Jule Gassenheimer, and Allen Wilhite for their helpful comments on this project. 相似文献
Purpose: This article aims to integrate consumers into a channel dependence framework and explores the influence of consumers’ brand loyalty and store loyalty on the dependence structure within the supplier–retailer relationship. It also examines effects of the dependence structure on perceived conflict.
Methodology/approach: The authors test the proposed triadic relationship model among department store, supplier, and consumer by collecting matched data from both retailers and consumers in a Chinese retailing channel of sports and leisure apparel. Polynomial regression in conjunction with a response surface analysis (RSA) approach is used to test the hypotheses.
Findings: The results indicate that consumers’ brand loyalty positively affects retailer’s dependence on supplier, while consumers’ store loyalty positively affects supplier’s dependence on retailer. In addition, the retailer’s dependence is higher when consumers’ brand loyalty is higher than store loyalty; the supplier’s dependence is higher when consumers’ store loyalty is higher than brand loyalty; and the retailer’s dependence increases with the increase of both consumers’ brand and store loyalty when consumers’ brand and store loyalty are equal. Moreover, supplier’s dependence has a negative linear effect on retailer’s perceived conflict, whereas retailer’s dependence has an inverted U-shape effect on perceived conflict. A retailer would perceive more conflict when the retailer is relatively more dependent on the supplier; but the symmetrical interdependence has no significant effect on retailer perceived conflict.
Research implications: Researchers are encouraged to explore channel behaviors from a network perspective. Consumers, in particular, should be included in research frameworks related to channel dependence and behaviors. Suggestions for further research on the effects of dependence on the conflict are also proposed.
Originality/value/contribution: This study goes beyond the dyadic paradigm by integrating consumers into the framework of the channel dependence structure. It develops and tests a mechanism of consumers’ brand and store loyalty influencing dependence structure within a supplier–retailer dyad. It also enriches the literature of channel conflict by exploring the effects of retailer and supplier unilateral dependence on retailer perceived conflict with RSA methods.
Practical implications: The article provides several insightful implications for managers in understanding and managing interdependence structure in business-to-business marketing, especially in supplier–retailer relationships. 相似文献